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Cultural
History The park’s cultural
resources represent a long and varied continuum of human use starting in
prehistoric times, and illustrating many adaptations to the Chihuahuan
Desert environment. Human activities, including prehistoric and historic
American Indian occupations, European exploration and settlement,
industrial exploitation, commercial and cavern accessibility development,
and tourism have each left reminders of their presence, and each has
contributed to the rich and diverse history of the area. The park has two
historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places—the Cavern
Historic District and the Rattlesnake Springs Historic District. The park
museum, including the park archives, contains about 1,000,000 cultural
resource specimens that are being preserved and protected for future
generations.
Civilian Conservation Corps
CCC enrollees built many of the now-historic structures at Carlsbad
Caverns National Park. From 1938 through 1942, they built residences,
offices and rock walls; they dug ditches and constructed roads; they
quarried rocks and made adobe bricks. In celebration of the 70th
anniversary of the founding of the CCC and the National Park Service’s
role, please visit
The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942:
An Administrative History. Photos are also available of the camp at
Carlsbad Caverns—NP-1-N.
Caverns
Chronology
Carlsbad Cavern is one of over 300 limestone caves
in a fossil reef laid down by an inland sea 250 to 280 million years ago.
Twelve to fourteen thousand years ago, American Indians lived in the
Guadalupe Mountains; some of their cooking ring sites and pictographs have
been found within the present day boundaries of the park. By the 1500s,
Spanish explorers were passing through present-day west Texas and
southeastern New Mexico. Spain claimed the southwest until 1821 when
Mexico revolted against her and claimed independence. Mexico, fighting the
westward expansionist United States in the late 1840s, lost the southwest
to the US. In 1850, New Mexico Territory was created, and for the next 30
years the cultural conflict between American Indians and the US government
continued. Eddy, New Mexico, the future Carlsbad, was established in 1888
and New Mexico became a state in 1912.
The National Park Service
website also offers
additional historical information.
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